In contemporary times, machines are also used to take relief prints. The medium on which print is intended to be taken (usually acid-free paper) is placed on top of the engraved surface after which by means of spooning or rubbing method, the impression is absorbed on the printing surface. Ink is applied on the raised imagery to obtain specific impressions by use of hand-held rollers (commonly made of rubber). In this method, an image is formed by cutting away non-image areas utilizing specific printmaking and common carving tools such as chisels, knives and gouges. The forms of relief printmaking are woodcut and linocut (linoleum block printing). In the relief method of printmaking, the surface intended to be printed is raised, which in simple terms means the area of the medium intended to take the ink is raised above the non-printing area. Generally, printmaking techniques are divided into four main categories: ![]() The printmaking family is classified into broader groups based on drawing and engraving methods. Printmaking involves various techniques, skills, methods and mediums. Over subsequent years, progress in printmaking was evidently noticed all over the globe, which was led by European artists. 1410), which is a hand-coloured woodcut print. The oldest surviving print from this era is the ‘Rest on the Flight into Egypt’ (c. Germany became the centre for printmaking during the 15th century. Paper arrived in Europe around the 1400s after which the techniques of printing on cloth were adapted for printing on paper. Before paper arrived in Europe, printmaking techniques were mostly used for printing on cloth. 1380), a woodcut print depicting the crucifixion of Jesus, is the oldest known European print. In 1907, Aurel Stein discovered the oldest Chinese woodcuts in a cave, which was a 17-foot-long Diamond Sutra dating back to 868 AD. Buddha promoted and propagated dissemination of the truth, a task which was aided and stimulated by the use of printmaking as a medium of dissemination by printing on paper. ![]() Buddhist texts that are called ‘ Sutras’ are written words orated by Buddha to his disciples. The printing method was implemented on paper to produce multiple copies of texts related to Buddhism. The invention of paper in around 105 AD added impetus to the technique of woodcut. The woodcut technique of printmaking originated in China during the rule of the Han Dynasty. The definition of a print or printmaking art form has been constantly evolving based on several factors such as social aspects and aesthetic needs or individual expressions of a particular artist. Printmaking as a medium of art operates through the use of acute technical skills on various forms of surfaces and eventually by creating multiple editions of the work. Prehistoric man may have stumbled upon the results of soiled hands on various surfaces, which later became a method of creating art in his cave dwellings. The invention of art also may have been conscious or through sheer accident and observation. ![]() The cave paintings we often associate with prehistoric man could have been his way of adding decor to his living space or may have been a means to let his future generations know about the flora and fauna of his surroundings. ![]() Prehistoric man used art as a medium to express himself, the reasons for which could be numerous. The existence of art can be traced as far as human history goes.
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